Reference values

Left Ventricle (LV)

Measurement	Description	Unit	Women	Men
LVEDD	Normal end-diastolic diameter	mm	39–53	42–59
LVEDD	Markedly abnormal	mm	>61	>68
IVS and PW	Wall thickness	mm	6–9	6–10
IVS and PW	Markedly abnormal	mm	>15
LVEF	Left ventricular ejection fraction	%	50–80
LVEF	Markedly abnormal	%	<40

Right Ventricle (RV)

Measurement	Description	Unit	Reference range
RVOT	Right ventricular outflow tract	mm	20–30
RVD1	Basal right ventricular diameter	mm	≤42
TAPSE	Right ventricular systolic function	mm	≥16

Atria and Aorta

Measurement	Description	Unit	Women	Men
LA	Left atrial diameter	mm	<40
LA	Markedly abnormal	mm	>50
RA	Right atrial area	cm²	≤18
Ao	Sinus of Valsalva	mm	24–36	28–40
Ao	Ascending aorta	mm	19–35	22–38

Valve Disease

Measurement	Unit	Mild	Moderate	Severe
Aortic valve peak velocity	m/s	<3	3–4	>4
Aortic valve mean gradient	mmHg	<25	25–40	>40
Pulmonary artery systolic pressure (sPAP)	mmHg	<36	36–64	>64

Reference:

Ellmén M, Äikää J. (2017). Private educational material based on Sonographer’s Guide, Oxford Handbook, Echo Facts, European Heart Journal, and the Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital (TYKS) Quality Manual.